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Magnetic Unit Converter

Magnetism Fundamentals: Convert between magnetic flux density (Tesla), magnetic flux (Weber), magnetic field strength (Oersted), and inductance (Henry) units.
Tesla
T

SI unit for magnetic flux density. 1 T = 1 Wb/m² = 10,000 Gauss. Used in MRI, scientific applications.

Gauss
G

CGS unit for magnetic flux density. 1 G = 10⁻⁴ T. Common in permanent magnets and low-field applications.

Weber
Wb

SI unit for magnetic flux. 1 Wb = 1 T⋅m². Represents total magnetic field through a surface.

Henry
H

SI unit for inductance. 1 H = 1 Wb/A. Measures ability to store magnetic energy in coils.

Magnetic Field Strengths

Magnetic Field Comparison: From Earth's weak field to superconducting magnets and neutron stars.
🌍 Natural Magnetic Fields
  • Earth's magnetic field: 25-65 μT (0.25-0.65 Gauss)
  • Solar sunspots: Up to 0.3 T (3,000 Gauss)
  • Jupiter's field: 428 μT at equator
  • Neutron star: 10⁸ to 10¹¹ T (extreme fields)
  • Magnetosphere: 10 nT to 100 μT
  • Solar wind: 1-10 nT typical
🔬 Laboratory Fields
  • Permanent magnets: 0.1-1.5 T (1,000-15,000 G)
  • Electromagnets: 1-2 T typical
  • Superconducting magnets: 5-45 T
  • Pulsed magnets: Up to 100 T (brief)
  • Research magnets: 45 T continuous record
  • Hybrid magnets: Combine resistive + superconducting
🏥 Medical Applications
  • MRI 1.5T: Standard clinical imaging
  • MRI 3T: High-resolution imaging
  • MRI 7T: Research and ultra-high field
  • Transcranial stimulation: 1-2 T localized
  • Magnetic hyperthermia: 0.01-0.1 T
  • Drug targeting: Gradient fields
⚡ Industrial Applications
  • Electric motors: 0.5-2 T in air gap
  • Generators: 1-2 T magnetic circuits
  • Transformers: 1.5-1.8 T core saturation
  • Magnetic separators: 0.1-2 T
  • Levitation systems: 0.5-1 T typical
  • Particle accelerators: 1-8 T dipole magnets

Magnetic Field Strength Comparison

Source Field Strength (Tesla) Field Strength (Gauss) Application/Notes
Human brain (neurons)10⁻¹⁵ T10⁻¹¹ GBiomagnetism detection
Urban magnetic noise10⁻⁹ T10⁻⁵ GElectromagnetic interference
Earth's magnetic field5×10⁻⁵ T0.5 GNavigation, compass
Refrigerator magnet5×10⁻³ T50 GFerrite permanent magnet
Loudspeaker magnet0.1-1 T1,000-10,000 GAudio transducers
MRI scanner1.5-7 T15,000-70,000 GMedical imaging
Superconducting magnet10-45 T100,000-450,000 GResearch applications

Magnetic Materials & Properties

Magnetic Materials: Understanding diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials.
🧲 Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Iron (Fe): μᵣ = 5,000-200,000, Tc = 770°C
  • Nickel (Ni): μᵣ = 100-600, Tc = 358°C
  • Cobalt (Co): μᵣ = 250, Tc = 1,121°C
  • Steel alloys: μᵣ = 100-5,000
  • Permalloy: μᵣ = 8,000-100,000
  • Mu-metal: μᵣ = 20,000-100,000
🔩 Permanent Magnets
  • Neodymium (NdFeB): 1.1-1.5 T residual
  • Samarium Cobalt: 0.8-1.15 T residual
  • Alnico: 0.6-1.35 T residual
  • Ferrite (ceramic): 0.2-0.4 T residual
  • Flexible magnets: 0.05-0.1 T residual
  • Bonded magnets: 0.3-0.7 T residual
🌡️ Magnetic Susceptibility
  • Diamagnetic: χ < 0 (repelled by magnets)
  • Water: χ = -9×10⁻⁶
  • Copper: χ = -9.6×10⁻⁶
  • Gold: χ = -2.7×10⁻⁵
  • Bismuth: χ = -1.7×10⁻⁴ (strongly diamagnetic)
  • Superconductors: χ = -1 (perfect diamagnetism)
⚛️ Paramagnetic Materials
  • Aluminum: χ = 2.2×10⁻⁵
  • Platinum: χ = 2.9×10⁻⁴
  • Oxygen (liquid): χ = 3.5×10⁻³
  • Gadolinium: χ = 4.8×10⁻² (strongly paramagnetic)
  • Liquid nitrogen: χ = -5×10⁻⁶
  • Manganese: χ = 9.1×10⁻⁴
Magnetic Permeability
μ = μ₀ × μᵣ
B = μ × H

Relationship between magnetic flux density B and field strength H through permeability μ.

Magnetic Susceptibility
χ = μᵣ - 1
M = χ × H

Magnetization M depends on susceptibility χ and applied field H.

Demagnetization Factor
Hᵢ = H - N × M
N = shape factor

Internal field Hᵢ depends on external field H, demagnetization factor N, and magnetization M.

Curie-Weiss Law
χ = C/(T - Tc)
C = Curie constant

Temperature dependence of susceptibility near Curie temperature Tc.

Magnetic Applications & Technology

Magnetic Technologies: From everyday electronics to advanced scientific instruments and emerging technologies.
💻 Electronics & Computing
  • Hard disk drives: 0.1-1 T recording fields
  • Magnetic RAM (MRAM): Spin-based memory
  • Transformers: Power conversion, isolation
  • Inductors: Energy storage, filtering
  • Magnetic sensors: Hall effect, magnetoresistive
  • Reed switches: Proximity sensing
🚗 Transportation
  • Electric vehicle motors: Permanent magnet synchronous
  • Magnetic levitation: Maglev trains (0.1-1 T)
  • Anti-lock braking: Wheel speed sensors
  • Power steering: Torque sensing
  • Engine management: Crankshaft position
  • Hybrid systems: Motor-generators
🏭 Industrial Processing
  • Magnetic separation: Ore processing, recycling
  • Electromagnetic forming: Metal shaping
  • Induction heating: Material processing
  • Magnetic bearings: Contactless support
  • Electromagnetic brakes: Eddy current systems
  • Non-destructive testing: Crack detection
🔬 Scientific Research
  • NMR spectroscopy: Molecular analysis
  • Mass spectrometry: Ion deflection and focusing
  • Particle physics: Beam steering and focusing
  • Plasma confinement: Fusion reactors
  • Magnetic cooling: Adiabatic demagnetization
  • Quantum experiments: Magnetic trapping

Magnetic Technology Applications

Technology Magnetic Field Key Parameters Applications
Compass navigation25-65 μTEarth's field detectionNavigation, orientation
Credit card strips~300 OeCoercivity 300 OeData storage
Loudspeakers0.1-1 TForce on voice coilAudio reproduction
MRI contrast agents1.5-7 TT1, T2 relaxationMedical imaging
Magnetic levitation0.1-1 TRepulsive/attractive forceTransportation, bearings
Fusion plasma5-20 TParticle confinementNuclear fusion research

Magnetic Calculators

Magnetic Flux Calculator (Φ = B⋅A)

Inductance Calculator (L = Φ/I)

Solenoid Field Calculator

Magnetic Force Calculator

Calculator Applications: Use these tools for electromagnetic design, magnetic circuit analysis, and engineering calculations.